The South African Coat of Arms serves as the highest visual symbol of the state, representing the nation's identity, its democratic values, and the collective spirit of its people. Formally launched on Freedom Day, April 27, 2000, this emblem replaced the former colonial-era coat of arms that had been in use since 1910. The current design, created by Iaan Bekker, was a deliberate move by the government to signify a break from the past and the birth of a new, inclusive South Africa.

The Philosophical Structure of the Design

Unlike traditional European heraldry, which often features shields held by animals or mythical creatures on a grassy mound, the South African Coat of Arms is structured around two symmetrical oval shapes placed one on top of the other. These ovals create a sense of balance and harmony, forming an overall shape reminiscent of a "cosmic egg" or the symbol of infinity.

The structure is divided into two main conceptual areas: the Foundation and the Ascendance. The lower part, or the Foundation, represents the roots of the nation and the physical earth, while the upper part, the Ascendance, represents the growth, aspirations, and spiritual protection of the country. This upward movement from the base to the rising sun at the peak tells a story of a nation emerging from its historical struggles into a future of light and knowledge.

The Foundation Elements

The lower oval shape is the bedrock of the emblem. It contains several key elements that ground the national identity in history and nature.

The Motto and the Language of Unity

At the very base of the coat of arms is the motto: "!ke e: |xarra ||ke". This phrase is written in the now-extinct |Xam language, a member of the Khoisan linguistic family. It translates literally to "Diverse people unite" or "Unity in diversity."

The choice of the |Xam language is deeply significant. By using the language of the Khoisan—the oldest known inhabitants of Southern Africa—the state pays homage to the ancient roots of the land and its original people. The motto addresses the effort of each individual to bridge the gap between thought and action, calling for a common sense of belonging. It serves as a permanent reminder that South Africa's strength lies in the integration of its many different cultures, languages, and histories.

Elephant Tusks and Wisdom

Symmetrically framing the lower section are two pairs of elephant tusks pointing upwards. In African culture, the elephant is a symbol of great wisdom, strength, moderation, and eternity. The tusks represent the enduring nature of the nation and the steadfastness of its people. By placing them at the foundation, the design suggests that the country is built upon a base of ancient wisdom and measured power.

Ears of Wheat and Agricultural Heritage

Within the circle formed by the tusks are two ears of wheat. These represent fertility, germination, and growth. They are symbols of the potential for development and the nourishment of the people. Wheat is also a direct nod to the agricultural heritage of South Africa, acknowledging the importance of the land and the labor required to feed the nation. It signifies that the country has the resources and the willpower to provide for its citizens.

The Shield and Spiritual Defense

At the center of the lower oval is a gold shield. The shape of the shield is reminiscent of a drum, a central instrument in African culture that communicates identity and facilitates gathering. The shield has a dual function: it is a vehicle for displaying national identity and a symbol of spiritual defense. In the context of the new South Africa, this defense is not necessarily against physical invaders but against the threats to democracy and human rights.

The Human Figures and the Linton Stone

Inside the shield are two human figures depicted in an attitude of greeting. These figures are derived from the Linton Stone, a world-famous example of San rock art discovered in the Eastern Cape and now housed in the South African Museum in Cape Town.

The figures represent the first inhabitants of the land and, by extension, our common humanity. Their greeting gesture symbolizes the transition from an individual identity to a collective sense of belonging to the nation. It is a powerful image of reconciliation and the shared heritage of all South Africans, regardless of their background.

The Spear and Knobkierie

Crossing behind the shield are two traditional African weapons: a spear and a knobkierie (a traditional club). While these are tools of defense and authority, they are depicted lying down. This specific positioning is crucial, as it symbolizes peace. It indicates that while the nation possesses the authority and the means to defend itself, it chooses the path of harmony and non-violence. These elements also represent the powerful legs of the secretary bird, connecting the foundation to the upper part of the emblem.

The Ascendance Elements

The upper oval shape represents the flowering of the nation’s potential and its connection to the divine or the celestial.

The Protea and the African Renaissance

Immediately above the shield is the King Protea (Protea cynaroides), South Africa’s national flower. The petals are rendered in a triangular pattern that evokes traditional African beadwork and crafts. The Protea represents the beauty of the land and the "flowering" of the nation’s potential.

In a broader political context, the Protea is an emblem of the African Renaissance—the idea that Africa is entering a period of cultural, scientific, and economic rebirth. The integration of colors within the flower (green, gold, red, and black) reflects the diversity of the continent.

The Secretary Bird and Divine Majesty

Positioned above the Protea is the secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius), depicted in flight with its wings uplifted. In nature, the secretary bird is a powerful hunter known for killing snakes, which in this context symbolizes the protection of the nation against its enemies.

The bird is a messenger of the heavens, its uplifted wings representing the ascendance and progress of the country. It is depicted in gold, associating it with the sun and the highest powers. The bird’s head feathers crown a vigilant and strong posture, suggesting a nation that is both graceful and alert.

The Rising Sun and Eternal Rebirth

At the very top of the coat of arms is the rising sun. It is the ultimate source of life, light, and energy. The sun symbolizes the promise of rebirth, the flight of darkness, and the triumph of knowledge and understanding. It represents the "active faculties" of the nation—reflection, good judgment, and willpower. As the final element of the emblem, it completes the shape of the cosmic egg, suggesting that the spirit of South Africa is continually being reborn and renewed.

The Transition from the Old to the New

The adoption of the current coat of arms in 2000 was a necessary step in the decolonization of South African state symbols. The previous emblem, granted by King George V in 1910 and later modified in 1930 and 1932, was heavily influenced by British and Dutch heraldic traditions.

The 1910 Coat of Arms

The old emblem featured a four-quartered shield representing the four original provinces: the Cape of Good Hope (Lady Good Hope), Natal (two wildebeests), the Orange Free State (an orange tree), and the Transvaal (a wagon). It was supported by a springbok and an oryx, with the Latin motto "Ex Unitate Vires" (Out of Unity, Strength).

While this design was historically significant, it was deeply associated with the eras of colonialism and apartheid. It represented a union of white-led provinces rather than a unified, democratic nation of all its people.

The Choice of Iaan Bekker’s Design

In 1999, the Department of Arts, Culture, Science, and Technology invited the public to submit ideas for a new emblem. Based on these ideas, a brief was developed for professional designers. Ten of the country's top designers were briefed, and three were eventually invited to present their concepts to the Cabinet.

Iaan Bekker’s design was selected for its elegance, its departure from traditional Western heraldry, and its deep roots in African symbolism. Bekker, a director at the FCB Group at the time, managed to create a design that felt both ancient and modern, capturing the essence of a nation in flux.

The Role of the Great Seal

The national coat of arms is not just a decorative symbol; it is a legal instrument. It forms the central part of the Great Seal of South Africa. Traditionally, the Great Seal is the highest emblem of the state, used to authenticate documents signed by the President. When the President signs a proclamation or a bill, the impression of the Great Seal—bearing the coat of arms—confirms the absolute authority and approval of the document. This makes the emblem a daily part of the governance and legal structure of the country.

Cultural Impact and "Batho Pele"

The launch of the new coat of arms coincided with a renewed focus on the principle of "Batho Pele," a Sotho phrase meaning "People First." This initiative was aimed at improving service delivery and ensuring that the public service treats all citizens with dignity and respect.

The values of the coat of arms—unity, wisdom, and protection—are intended to underpin the behavior of government officials and the expectations of the citizenry. The emblem is used on everything from currency and passports to government buildings and official stationery, serving as a constant reminder of the nation's shared goals.

Summary of Symbolism

The South African Coat of Arms is a complex tapestry of meanings. To summarize its core components:

  • The Motto: Calls for unity among diverse people in the ancient !Xam language.
  • Elephant Tusks: Represent wisdom, strength, and eternity.
  • Ears of Wheat: Symbolize fertility, growth, and agricultural abundance.
  • The Shield: Acts as a symbol of identity and spiritual defense.
  • Human Figures: Celebrate the common humanity and heritage of the earliest inhabitants.
  • Spear and Knobkierie: Represent peace and the defense of authority.
  • The Protea: Symbolizes the beauty of the land and the African Renaissance.
  • The Secretary Bird: Represents protection, speed, and divine majesty.
  • The Rising Sun: Symbolizes rebirth, light, and the source of life.

Together, these elements form the "Cosmic Egg," symbolizing the spiritual rebirth of the South African nation and its infinite path toward the future.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does the motto on the South African coat of arms mean?

The motto "!ke e: |xarra ||ke" is in the |Xam language and means "Diverse people unite." It emphasizes the importance of unity in a nation with many different cultures and backgrounds.

Who designed the South African coat of arms?

The current coat of arms was designed by Iaan Bekker. His design was chosen from several entries presented to the South African Cabinet in 2000.

When was the current South African coat of arms adopted?

It was officially launched on April 27, 2000, which is celebrated as Freedom Day in South Africa. This date marks the anniversary of the first democratic elections in 1994.

Why is there a secretary bird on the coat of arms?

The secretary bird is a powerful bird that protects the nation. Its uplifted wings symbolize the nation's growth and its role as a messenger of the heavens. Its gold color associates it with the sun and supreme power.

What is the Linton Stone?

The Linton Stone is a famous piece of San rock art. The human figures on the coat of arms were adapted from this stone to represent the nation's ancient heritage and the shared humanity of all South Africans.

Is the springbok still on the coat of arms?

No, the springbok was part of the old coat of arms used from 1910 to 2000. While the springbok remains the national animal and the mascot of the national rugby team, it is no longer part of the official state emblem.